When a stomach problem is actually a nerve problem

Stomach issues, such as pain, bloating, and indigestion, are often thought to stem from dietary choices, infections, or stress. However, what if your stomach troubles were actually rooted in a nerve problem? It’s a possibility worth considering, as the connection between the nervous system and digestive health is stronger than you might think.

1. The Gut-Brain Connection

The gut and the brain are closely linked through the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network involving the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS). The vagus nerve, a key player in this axis, runs from the brain to the abdomen, controlling functions like digestion, heart rate, and immune responses. When there’s an issue with nerve function, it can lead to digestive problems that might be mistaken for purely gastrointestinal (GI) issues.

2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Nerve Dysfunction

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that causes symptoms like cramping, bloating, and altered bowel habits. While the exact cause of IBS is still unclear, research suggests that abnormal nerve signals between the gut and the brain may play a role. These miscommunications can cause the gut to become overly sensitive, leading to pain and discomfort even when there’s no obvious cause.

3. Nerve Compression and Digestive Issues

Sometimes, nerve compression in the spine, especially in the thoracic or lumbar regions, can interfere with the nerves that regulate digestion. Spinal misalignments or injuries can compress these nerves, disrupting signals between the brain and the digestive organs. This can result in symptoms like acid reflux, bloating, and even constipation or diarrhea, which might not improve with conventional GI treatments.

4. Stress and the Nervous System

Chronic stress can overstimulate the nervous system, leading to an imbalance in the gut-brain axis. This can trigger or worsen digestive issues. Stress affects the vagus nerve, reducing its ability to properly regulate digestion. As a result, you might experience symptoms like nausea, stomach pain, or changes in bowel habits that seem unconnected to your diet or lifestyle.

5. Chiropractic and Nerve Health

If nerve problems are contributing to your stomach issues, chiropractic care may offer relief. Chiropractors can assess spinal alignment and make adjustments to alleviate nerve compression. By restoring proper nerve function, chiropractic care can help improve communication between the brain and the gut, potentially alleviating digestive symptoms that have been resistant to other treatments.

Can chiropractic treatments ease digestive disorders?

Digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), acid reflux, and constipation can significantly impact daily life, causing discomfort and disrupting routines. While conventional treatments often involve medication and dietary changes, some people seek alternative therapies for relief. One such alternative is chiropractic care. But can chiropractic treatments really help ease digestive disorders? Here’s a closer look at the potential benefits.

The Connection Between the Spine and Digestive Health

The spine plays a crucial role in overall health, including the functioning of the digestive system. The nervous system, which controls digestion, communicates with the digestive organs through the spinal cord and its network of nerves. Misalignments in the spine, known as subluxations, can disrupt this communication, potentially leading to or exacerbating digestive issues.

How Chiropractic Care Can Help

  1. Spinal Adjustments

Chiropractors perform spinal adjustments to correct misalignments. By realigning the spine, these adjustments can help restore proper nervous system function, ensuring that the communication between the brain and digestive organs is optimal. This can potentially alleviate symptoms of digestive disorders and improve overall gut health.

  1. Reducing Nerve Interference

Subluxations can cause nerve interference, affecting the signals sent between the brain and the digestive system. Chiropractic adjustments aim to reduce this interference, which can help improve the functioning of the digestive organs, reduce inflammation, and enhance the body’s natural ability to heal.

  1. Improving Autonomic Nervous System Function

The autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary bodily functions such as digestion, can be influenced by spinal health. Chiropractic care can help balance the ANS by ensuring that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function properly. This balance is essential for processes like peristalsis (the movement of food through the digestive tract) and the production of digestive enzymes.

  1. Alleviating Stress and Tension

Stress is a common factor in many digestive disorders. Chiropractic care can help reduce physical and emotional stress by relieving tension in the spine and muscles. This reduction in stress can have a positive impact on digestive health, as stress often exacerbates conditions like IBS and acid reflux.

  1. Holistic Approach

Chiropractors often take a holistic approach to health, considering lifestyle, diet, and other factors that may contribute to digestive issues. They can provide advice on nutrition, exercise, and other lifestyle changes that support digestive health, complementing the benefits of spinal adjustments.

What to Expect During a Chiropractic Visit

During your initial visit, a chiropractor will conduct a thorough examination, which may include a review of your medical history, a physical assessment, and possibly diagnostic tests such as X-rays. Based on this evaluation, they will create a personalized treatment plan tailored to your specific needs and health goals.

Potential Benefits

  • Relief from Symptoms: Many patients report relief from symptoms such as bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after chiropractic treatments.
  • Improved Digestion: By ensuring proper nervous system function, chiropractic care can promote better digestion and nutrient absorption.
  • Enhanced Quality of Life: Reduced digestive discomfort can lead to an overall improvement in quality of life, including better sleep, increased energy, and a more balanced mood.

What are some non surgical scoliosis treatments?

Scoliosis, a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, can cause pain, discomfort, and impaired mobility. While surgery is sometimes necessary for severe cases, many patients can manage and improve their condition through non-surgical treatments. Here are some effective non-surgical options for treating scoliosis.

1. Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is a cornerstone of non-surgical scoliosis treatment. A tailored exercise program can help strengthen the muscles around the spine, improve posture, and increase flexibility. Specific exercises target the muscles that support the spine, helping to correct imbalances and reduce curvature progression. Techniques like the Schroth method are particularly designed for scoliosis patients, focusing on rotational angular breathing and muscle strengthening.

2. Chiropractic Care

Chiropractic care can be beneficial for managing scoliosis symptoms. Chiropractors use spinal adjustments and manual therapies to improve spinal alignment and reduce pain. Although chiropractic care cannot reverse scoliosis, it can help alleviate discomfort, enhance mobility, and support overall spinal health. Holistic chiropractors may also provide advice on lifestyle modifications and exercises to complement treatment.

3. Bracing

Bracing is a common non-surgical treatment for adolescents with scoliosis whose spines are still growing. Wearing a brace can help prevent further curvature as the spine develops. Modern braces are designed to be more comfortable and less restrictive, allowing for greater freedom of movement while still providing effective support. The effectiveness of bracing depends on wearing it as prescribed, typically for most of the day and night.

4. Yoga and Pilates

Yoga and Pilates offer gentle yet effective ways to improve strength, flexibility, and posture. These practices focus on core strength, which is crucial for supporting the spine. Specific poses and exercises can help elongate and realign the spine, reducing discomfort and promoting better posture. Additionally, the mindfulness aspect of yoga can aid in managing the emotional and psychological aspects of living with scoliosis.

5. Massage Therapy

Massage therapy can help alleviate muscle tension and pain associated with scoliosis. Regular massage sessions can improve circulation, reduce muscle stiffness, and promote relaxation. While massage therapy does not correct spinal curvature, it can significantly enhance the quality of life for individuals with scoliosis by reducing discomfort and promoting overall well-being.

6. Acupuncture

Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese medicine practice, involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to alleviate pain and promote healing. Some scoliosis patients find relief from pain and muscle tightness through acupuncture. It can be a valuable complementary therapy to other non-surgical treatments, helping to manage symptoms and improve overall comfort.

7. Nutritional Support

A balanced diet rich in essential nutrients can support overall spinal health. Calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium are crucial for bone health, while anti-inflammatory foods can help manage pain and inflammation. Consulting with a nutritionist or dietitian can help develop a diet plan that supports spinal health and overall well-being.

Tips for avoiding sunburn this summer

Summer is synonymous with sunny days and outdoor fun, but it also brings the risk of sunburn. Protecting your skin from harmful UV rays is crucial to prevent sunburn and long-term damage such as premature aging and skin cancer. Here are some practical tips to help you avoid sunburn and enjoy a sun-safe summer:

1. Apply Sunscreen Regularly

Sunscreen is your first line of defense against sunburn. Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. Apply it generously to all exposed skin 15-30 minutes before going outside, and reapply every two hours, or more often if you’re swimming or sweating. Don’t forget commonly missed spots like your ears, neck, and the tops of your feet.

2. Wear Protective Clothing

Covering up is an effective way to protect your skin from the sun. Opt for lightweight, long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wide-brimmed hats that shade your face, neck, and ears. Some clothing is specially designed with UV protection; look for items labeled with a UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) rating.

3. Seek Shade

When the sun is at its strongest, typically between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., try to stay in the shade. Use umbrellas, canopies, or seek shelter under trees. This can significantly reduce your exposure to direct UV rays and help keep your skin safe.

4. Wear Sunglasses

Protecting your eyes from UV rays is just as important as protecting your skin. Wear sunglasses that offer 100% UV protection to shield your eyes and the delicate skin around them from harmful rays. This can help prevent cataracts and other eye conditions caused by UV exposure.

5. Avoid Tanning Beds

Tanning beds emit UV radiation that can be even more intense than the sun. They increase the risk of skin cancer and can cause premature aging. Opt for sunless tanning products if you desire a tanned look without the harmful effects of UV radiation.

6. Be Cautious Around Water, Snow, and Sand

These surfaces can reflect and intensify UV rays, increasing the risk of sunburn. When spending time at the beach, pool, or in snowy areas, take extra precautions by applying sunscreen more frequently and wearing protective clothing.

7. Check the UV Index

The UV index provides important information about the strength of UV radiation on any given day. Higher values mean a greater risk of sunburn. Plan your outdoor activities accordingly, and take extra protective measures on days with a high UV index.

8. Use Lip Balm with SPF

Your lips can also get sunburned, so don’t forget to protect them. Use a lip balm that contains SPF and reapply it regularly, especially after eating or drinking.

9. Stay Hydrated

While staying hydrated won’t prevent sunburn, it helps keep your skin healthy and more resilient to sun exposure. Drink plenty of water throughout the day, especially when spending time outdoors in the heat.

Should children get chiropractic adjustments?

When it comes to chiropractic care, the image of adults seeking relief from back pain or neck stiffness often comes to mind. However, chiropractic adjustments aren’t limited to grown-ups—children can also benefit from this gentle and non-invasive form of healthcare. But should children get chiropractic adjustments? Let’s explore this question and shed light on the potential benefits and considerations of chiropractic care for kids.

Addressing Developmental Challenges

Children’s bodies undergo rapid growth and development, which can sometimes lead to musculoskeletal issues or biomechanical imbalances. Common conditions in children, such as poor posture, sports injuries, or misalignments from birth trauma, may benefit from chiropractic care. By addressing these issues early on, chiropractors can help support proper development and alignment, potentially preventing future problems.

Gentle and Safe Approach

One of the key considerations when it comes to chiropractic care for children is safety. Chiropractors who specialize in pediatric care undergo specialized training to understand the unique needs of young patients and to perform gentle and age-appropriate adjustments. Adjustments for children typically involve light pressure or gentle manipulation techniques tailored to their size and stage of development, ensuring a safe and comfortable experience.

Potential Benefits

Chiropractic care for children may offer a range of potential benefits, including:

  • Improved spinal alignment: Addressing misalignments or subluxations in the spine can help promote proper posture and spinal health.
  • Pain relief: Children experiencing musculoskeletal pain, such as back pain or headaches, may find relief through chiropractic adjustments.
  • Enhanced mobility: Chiropractic care can help improve joint mobility and function, allowing children to move more freely and comfortably.
  • Support for overall wellness: By optimizing spinal alignment and nervous system function, chiropractic care may contribute to better overall health and well-being in children.

Considerations and Precautions

While chiropractic care can be beneficial for many children, it’s essential to consider individual circumstances and consult with healthcare providers before seeking treatment. Some considerations include:

  • Underlying health conditions: Children with certain medical conditions or developmental disorders may require additional precautions or specialized care.
  • Communication and consent: Open communication between parents, children, and the chiropractor is essential to ensure that everyone feels comfortable and informed throughout the treatment process.
  • Integration with other therapies: Chiropractic care can complement other healthcare interventions, but it’s essential to coordinate care with pediatricians, physical therapists, or other providers as needed.

Nourish Your Body: Top 10 Foods That Aid in Pain and Inflammation Relief

Dealing with pain and inflammation can be debilitating, affecting your ability to enjoy life to the fullest. While medications offer relief, incorporating anti-inflammatory foods into your diet can provide natural support and help manage discomfort more effectively. Here are the top 10 foods that assist with pain and inflammation:

  1. Fatty Fish: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines have potent anti-inflammatory properties. Omega-3s help reduce inflammation in the body, alleviating joint pain and stiffness associated with conditions like arthritis.
  2. Berries: Berries such as strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries are packed with antioxidants called flavonoids, which help combat inflammation. Adding a handful of berries to your breakfast or enjoying them as a snack can provide a tasty way to reduce inflammation and support overall health.
  3. Turmeric: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, is well-known for its powerful anti-inflammatory effects. Incorporating turmeric into your cooking or adding a turmeric supplement to your daily routine can help reduce pain and inflammation throughout the body.
  4. Leafy Greens: Leafy green vegetables like spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients that help fight inflammation. They’re also low in calories and high in fiber, making them an excellent addition to any anti-inflammatory diet.
  5. Ginger: Ginger contains gingerol, a bioactive compound with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Whether added to tea, stir-fries, or smoothies, ginger can help reduce pain and inflammation and soothe digestive issues.
  6. Nuts and Seeds: Nuts and seeds, such as almonds, walnuts, and flaxseeds, are excellent sources of healthy fats, protein, and antioxidants. They also contain compounds that help reduce inflammation and may alleviate symptoms of conditions like arthritis.
  7. Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Extra virgin olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and lower the risk of chronic diseases. Use olive oil as a healthy cooking oil or drizzle it over salads and vegetables for an extra anti-inflammatory boost.
  8. Tomatoes: Tomatoes are loaded with lycopene, a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Whether eaten raw or cooked, tomatoes can help reduce inflammation and protect against chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer.
  9. Green Tea: Green tea is packed with polyphenols, antioxidants that help reduce inflammation and protect against cell damage. Drinking green tea regularly may help alleviate pain and inflammation while promoting overall health and well-being.
  10. Tart Cherries: Tart cherries contain compounds called anthocyanins, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and muscle soreness. Enjoying tart cherry juice or adding fresh cherries to your diet may help reduce pain and inflammation associated with conditions like gout and arthritis.

How sciatica adjustments help

Sciatica, characterized by pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, can be a debilitating condition that affects your daily life. However, chiropractic adjustments offer a natural and effective solution for many individuals suffering from sciatica. Let’s explore how sciatica adjustments can provide relief and improve your overall well-being:

Understanding Sciatica

Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down the back of each leg, becomes compressed or irritated. This compression can result from various factors, including herniated discs, spinal misalignments, muscle tension, or spinal stenosis. The hallmark symptom of sciatica is sharp, shooting pain that travels from the lower back or buttocks down the leg, often accompanied by tingling, numbness, or weakness.

How Sciatica Adjustments Help

Chiropractic adjustments, also known as spinal manipulation, focus on realigning the spine and restoring proper function to the nervous system. For individuals with sciatica, chiropractic adjustments can provide several benefits:

  1. Relieving Nerve Compression: Misalignments in the spine, particularly in the lumbar region, can put pressure on the sciatic nerve, leading to pain and discomfort. Chiropractic adjustments aim to restore proper spinal alignment, alleviating pressure on the nerve and reducing irritation. By addressing the underlying cause of sciatica, adjustments can provide long-lasting relief from pain and related symptoms.
  2. Reducing Inflammation: In addition to relieving nerve compression, chiropractic adjustments can help reduce inflammation in the affected area. Inflammation is a common response to tissue injury or irritation and can exacerbate sciatic pain. By promoting proper spinal alignment and improving joint mobility, adjustments can help decrease inflammation and facilitate the body’s natural healing process.
  3. Improving Spinal Mobility: Restricted spinal mobility is often associated with sciatica, as tight muscles and stiff joints can exacerbate nerve compression and pain. Chiropractic adjustments work to restore proper spinal mobility by gently manipulating the vertebrae and surrounding soft tissues. This increased mobility can help alleviate pressure on the sciatic nerve and improve overall comfort and function.
  4. Addressing Underlying Imbalances: Sciatica is often the result of underlying imbalances or dysfunctions in the musculoskeletal system. Chiropractors take a holistic approach to care, addressing not only the symptoms but also the underlying causes of sciatica. By identifying and correcting these imbalances through adjustments, chiropractors can help prevent future flare-ups and promote long-term spinal health.
  5. Promoting Natural Healing: Unlike invasive treatments or medications that mask symptoms, chiropractic adjustments support the body’s innate ability to heal itself. By removing interference in the nervous system and optimizing spinal function, adjustments allow the body to heal naturally, reducing the need for pain medication or invasive procedures.

What is the difference between a chiropractor and a physical therapist?

When it comes to managing musculoskeletal issues or optimizing physical performance, two healthcare professions often come to mind: chiropractors and physical therapists. While their goals may intersect in promoting overall wellness, there are distinct differences in their approaches and methodologies. In this blog, we’ll explore the key contrasts between chiropractors and physical therapists.

  1. Educational Background: Chiropractors typically hold a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree, requiring four years of postgraduate education. Their training focuses on the spine, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system. Physical therapists, on the other hand, earn a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree, involving similar postgraduate education with a broader focus on rehabilitation, movement science, and overall physical health.
  2. Treatment Philosophy: Chiropractors emphasize the relationship between the spine and the nervous system. They often use manual adjustments, spinal manipulations, and other hands-on techniques to address misalignments, aiming to restore proper nerve function and alleviate pain. Physical therapists, on the other hand, adopt a broader approach. They focus on rehabilitating injuries and improving overall physical function through exercises, stretches, and targeted interventions.
  3. Scope of Practice: Chiropractors primarily specialize in diagnosing and treating mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine. Their interventions often involve manual adjustments and may extend to lifestyle and nutritional advice. Physical therapists have a wider scope, addressing a range of conditions affecting muscles, joints, and soft tissues. They work on rehabilitation plans, functional training, and therapeutic exercises tailored to the individual’s needs.
  4. Patient Interaction: Chiropractors often engage in hands-on treatments, with adjustments and manipulations being a significant part of their practice. Physical therapists, while also providing hands-on care, focus extensively on guiding patients through exercise regimens and movement-based therapies. Physical therapy sessions may include targeted exercises for strength, flexibility, and balance.
  5. Treatment Settings: Chiropractors commonly work in private practices or chiropractic clinics. Their treatments are often brief and centered around manual adjustments. Physical therapists can be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, rehabilitation centers, sports clinics, and private practices. They may work with a diverse range of patients, including those recovering from surgery, athletes, and individuals managing chronic conditions.
  6. Referral Process: Patients may seek the services of a chiropractor independently, with some choosing chiropractic care for pain relief or wellness. In contrast, physical therapists often work closely with other healthcare professionals, and their services may be recommended as part of a comprehensive treatment plan following surgery, injury, or illness.
  7. Treatment Duration: Chiropractic treatments are often shorter in duration, with sessions focusing on specific adjustments. Physical therapy sessions may be more extended, involving a combination of exercises, stretches, and other therapeutic modalities tailored to a patient’s condition and rehabilitation goals.

Is chiropractic care an effective treatment for chronic headaches?

Chronic headaches can cast a persistent shadow over daily life, impacting productivity and diminishing overall well-being. While the causes of headaches are diverse, an increasing number of individuals are turning to chiropractic care as a natural and holistic approach to alleviate the throbbing pain associated with chronic headaches. In this blog, we’ll explore the effectiveness of chiropractic care as a treatment for chronic headaches.

Understanding Chronic Headaches:

Chronic headaches, including tension headaches and migraines, can be triggered by various factors such as stress, muscle tension, poor posture, and spinal misalignments. Unlike occasional headaches, chronic headaches occur frequently, lasting for hours or even days, and can significantly affect one’s quality of life.

How Chiropractic Care Works:

  1. Spinal Alignment: Chiropractors focus on the spine’s alignment, aiming to correct any misalignments that may contribute to headaches. By ensuring proper spinal function, chiropractic adjustments aim to alleviate tension and reduce the frequency and intensity of headaches.
  2. Muscle Tension Relief: Tension in the muscles of the neck and upper back is a common contributor to headaches. Chiropractors use various techniques, including massage, stretching, and soft tissue manipulation, to release muscle tension and promote relaxation.
  3. Improving Nervous System Function: The spine houses the central nervous system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Chiropractic care aims to enhance nervous system function, potentially reducing the frequency and severity of headaches.
  4. Identifying Triggers: Chiropractors work with patients to identify potential triggers for headaches, including lifestyle factors, dietary habits, and environmental influences. By addressing these triggers, chiropractic care takes a comprehensive approach to managing chronic headaches.

Research on Chiropractic Care and Headaches:

Numerous studies have explored the effectiveness of chiropractic care in treating headaches, and the results are promising. A study published in the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics found that chiropractic adjustments were effective in reducing the intensity and frequency of tension-type headaches.

Another study published in the European Journal of Neurology concluded that chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy was effective in reducing migraine frequency, duration, and medication use.

Personalized Care for Lasting Relief:

Chiropractic care is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Chiropractors take a personalized approach, considering the unique factors contributing to each individual’s headaches. Treatment plans may include a combination of spinal adjustments, lifestyle modifications, and exercises tailored to the patient’s specific needs.

When to Consider Chiropractic Care:

If you are experiencing chronic headaches and have not found relief through conventional methods, chiropractic care may be a valuable option. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying causes of your headaches and whether chiropractic care is a suitable and safe treatment for your specific condition.

In the journey to unravel the knot of chronic headaches, chiropractic care offers a natural and patient-centered approach. By addressing the root causes and promoting overall well-being, chiropractic care aims to provide lasting relief, allowing individuals to reclaim their lives from the grip of persistent headaches.

Five ways to boost your energy naturally

In the hustle and bustle of daily life, it’s common to feel drained and fatigued. While reaching for a cup of coffee might seem like the go-to solution, there are natural and sustainable ways to boost your energy levels. In this blog, we’ll explore five effective strategies to revitalize your day without relying on stimulants.

1. Prioritize Quality Sleep:

The foundation of sustained energy levels lies in quality sleep. Ensure you are getting enough restful sleep each night by maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and optimizing your sleep environment. Adequate sleep allows your body to recharge and promotes overall well-being.

2. Stay Hydrated:

Dehydration can lead to feelings of fatigue and lethargy. Make a conscious effort to stay hydrated throughout the day by drinking water at regular intervals. Herbal teas and infused water with slices of fruits or cucumber are refreshing alternatives that contribute to your daily fluid intake.

3. Eat Nutrient-Rich Foods:

Fuel your body with the right nutrients by incorporating a balanced and nutrient-dense diet. Include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your meals. These foods provide a steady release of energy, preventing the highs and lows associated with sugary snacks and processed foods.

4. Move Your Body:

Regular physical activity is a natural energy booster. Whether it’s a brisk walk, a quick workout, or stretching exercises, physical movement increases blood flow and oxygen levels, promoting alertness and reducing feelings of fatigue. Find activities you enjoy to make staying active a sustainable part of your routine.

5. Take Short Breaks and Breathe:

When faced with a long to-do list, it’s easy to become overwhelmed and drained. Incorporate short breaks into your day to step away from your work or daily tasks. Practice deep-breathing exercises or take a brief walk to refresh your mind and invigorate your body. These moments of relaxation can significantly contribute to your overall energy levels.